Circulatory System Defects and Blood Functions

a) Common Circulatory System Defects in Human Beings

1. Thrombosis: Thrombosis refers to the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) within a blood vessel. It can obstruct the flow of blood and potentially lead to serious health issues, such as heart attacks and strokes, if the clot travels to vital organs.
2. Varicose Veins: Varicose veins are enlarged, twisted, and often painful veins that typically occur in the legs. They are a result of weakened vein walls and malfunctioning valves that cause blood to pool in the veins.
3. Arteriosclerosis: Arterialsclerosis is a condition characterized by the hardening and narrowing of the arteries. It is often associated with the buildup of plaque (atherosclerosis) and can lead to reduced blood flow to vital organs, increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke.
4. Atheroma: An atheroma is a fatty deposit or plaque that forms within the walls of arteries. Atheromas are composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, and cellular debris. They contribute to the development of atherosclerosis, which can lead to arterial narrowing and blockages.
5. Cerebral Vascular Thrombosis: Cerebral vascular thrombosis specifically refers to the formation of a blood clot within the blood vessels of the brain. This can lead to a stroke if the clot obstructs blood flow to a part of the brain.
6. Atherosclerosis: Atherosclerosis is a chronic condition in which the arteries become narrowed and hardened due to the buildup of atheromas (plaque) within their walls. This condition is a major contributor to cardiovascular diseases, including coronary artery disease and peripheral artery disease.

b) Functions of Blood

1. Temperature Control: Blood helps in regulating the body's temperature.
2. Maintenance of Fluid pH: Blood contributes to the maintenance of the pH balance in bodily fluids.
3. Immune Defense: Blood plays a role in protecting the body against disease-causing organisms, pathogens, and infections.
4. Hemostasis: Blood aids in preventing excessive bleeding by promoting clotting, thus preventing the excessive loss of blood.