Water Transport in Plants from the Soil

Water exists as a thin film in the soil between soil particles. The concentration cell sap is greater than that of the surrounding solution in the soil. Thus drawing water molecules across the cell wall and membrane into the root hair cells by osmosis. Water drawn into the root hair cell dilutes the cell sap/ making it less concentrated than that in the adjacent cell into the cortex cells. (By osmosis) across the endosperm by active transport; into the xylem vessels (of the root) Then conduct the water up into the xylem (vessels) of the stem; into xylem of leaves. Water is pushed/ rises up the stem by root pressure ( in the xylem vessels) water would rise by capillary cohesion, and adhesive forces water moves as a continuous an uninterrupted water column in the xylem (vessel) up the tree to the leaves. As water evaporates from the spongy mesophyll cells their cells sap becomes more concentrated than adjacent water flows into the cells from other surroundings cells which in turn takes in water from xylem vessels within the leaf veins. This creates a pull / suction force/ transpiration pull that pulls a stream of water from xylem vessel in the stem and roots the transpiration pull maintains continuous column of water from the roots into the leaves (transpiration stream).