Question 1
The diagram below represents the earth on its axis
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i. Name the latitudes marked G and H
ii. What is the angle of inclination of the earth’s axis to its orbit?
iii. According to the diagram, which season is being experienced in the Southern hemisphere - State four effects of the movement of the earth on its own axis
Answer
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i. G - Tropic of cancer
H - Arctic circle
ii. 66 ½ 0
iii. Winter - - Occurrence of day and night
- Deflection of winds and ocean currents
- Time differenced within longitudes
- Variations in atmosphere pressure at different latitudes
Question 2
- What is a Stevenson’s screen
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Give reason for the following characteristics of a Stevenson screen
i. Double boarded roof material
ii. Raised to about 1.2 metres
iii. Metallic stands -
The table below show temperature and Rainfall readings for station T. in a month Use it to answer questions
i) Calculate annual range of temperature
ii) Calculate the annual rainfall
iii) Calculate mean annual rainfall - Apart form rainfall give four types of precipitation
- Using the graph paper provided, draw a combined line and bar graph to represent the data above
Answer
- A Stevenson’s screen is a white wooden box found in a weather station where thermometers are kept
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i. The air space in between the double board is a poor conductor of heat thus thermometer is kept
ii. To prevent contact with the hot ground and to allow free entry and circulation of air
iii. To prevent terminates from destroying the wooden part at the top -
i) 24 - 17 = 7°C
ii) 109 + 112 + 130 + 76 + 52 + 34 + 28 + 38 + 70 + 108 + 102 + 120 = 979
iii) 979 ⁄ 12 = 81.58mm -
- Hail
- Snow
- Ice
- fog -
Question 3
- Define the term mining
- Give three formations in which minerals occur
- Explain three contributions of petroleum production in Middle East countries
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Suppose you were to carry out a field study on rocks in the area surrounding your school
i. State three characteristics that you would look for while identifying different rock types
ii. Give three appropriate methods that you would use to collect data.
iii. State three follow up activities for the field study
Answer
- Mining refers to the process of extracting valuable minerals and fossils fuels on or from the earth’s crust
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- As veins and lodes
- As beds and seam /layers
- As alluvial deposits
- As weathered products -
- Middle East countries earn foreign exchange from exports of crude oil and refined petroleum products e.g Saudi Arabia
- The petroleum industry provides employment opportunities to many people who earn income thus improving their standards of living.
- Revenues obtained from the sale of petroleum has enabled Middle East countries to develop efficient roads, railways health and education institutions.
- Development of petro-chemical industries in the countries which also employ many people.
- Oil wealth has enabled some countries to construct nuclear power stations for electricity supply. -
- The hardness of the rocks
- The density of the rocks
- Texture of the rocks
ii. - Collecting samples
- Digging
- Observation
iii. - Writing a report in essay form
- Displaying photographs on rocks taken from the field
- Displaying labeled samples
Question 4
The world map below shows the location of some fold mountains
- Identify the fold mountains marked W, X, Y and Z
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Explain the effects of Fold Mountains on the following
i. Transport
ii. Agriculture
iii. Tourism
Answer
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W - Himalayas
X - Atlas
Y - Alps
Z - Appalachians -
i. Transport
- Fold mountain scenery acts as a barrier to easy construction of roads, railways and pipelines thus making it difficult to access some regions due to ruggedness.
ii. Agriculture
- Leeward slopes of some fold mountain ranges receive dry winds leading to arid conditions. This discourages crop farming but favours ranching and transhumance Windward slopes of most fold mountains receive high orographic rainfall which supports crop farming
iii. Tourism
- Fold mountain scenery and snow capped slopes are important tourist attractions with some slopes favouring winter sports such as skiing and ice skating, e.g Swiss Alps
Question 5
- Name three example of active volcanoes in Africa
- Differentiate between seismic focus and epicenter
- State four human activities that may cause earthquakes
- State three human causes of earthquakes
Answer
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- Nyiragongo
- Nyamlagira
- Oldonyo Lengai - - Seismic focus is the point inside the earth’s crust where an earthquake originates whereas epicenter is the point on the earth surface directly above the seismic focus
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- Underground testing of thermo-nuclear bombs
- Construction of dams which result in large reservoirs
- Use of very powerful explosions during quarrying and mining
- Movements of trains especially in subways -
- Tectonic movements
- Vulcanicity
- Isostatic adjustments